Three Miracles And A Humble Beginning
Rosenwald, in the Barnaul Settlement, was home to my grandparents. For Heinrich Dietrich and Sarah Neumann and their Mennonite neighbours, the years 1917 to 1922 were years of privation, illness, anxiety, famine, and fear; fear for their lives, based on rumours from nearby communities.
Mennonite farmers were forced to surrender grain and livestock for the sustenance of the urban centers to the west, through an inefficient system of collection and shipment, which resulted in the rotting and wasting of huge amounts of valuable grain and meat. Often, the last grain set aside for spring planting was taken, resulting in the famine of the early 1920s. This condition was duly observed and reported on by a visiting delegation from North America, leading to the response from the American Mennonite Relief. By 1924, it was observed, that there was starvation, lack of clothing and bedding, machinery and livestock, throughout the Mennonite settlements of Siberia, and particularly Slavgorod and nearby Barnaul Settlement. The overall report was extremely gloomy, and indicated dire need.
Village of ‘Rosenwald’ is mistakenly labelled, ‘Rosenfeld’ on this map.
Better times and a gradual improvement did return, as noted in a report to the Mennonite community in North America. Private farming and ownership continued until 1925. A new spirit among the settlers was evident, and buildings were in progress, and improvements and repairs were noticeable everywhere. By 1926, the Neumanns had begun to make an economic recovery, of sorts. Heinrich Neumann’s farming ambitions had grown, as had his family, and he had rebuilt his animal stock. In addition, he was engaged in a modest commercial enterprise, supplying his village and neighbouring villages with groceries and an assortment of dry goods. In 1926, the next-door village of Gruenfeld, started collective farming, however, Stalin’s radical collectivization only began in 1928, two years after the Neumann family had emigrated.
When the invitation arrived in the spring of 1926, for interested people to apply to emigrate to Canada, Heinrich’s reply was “No, we will not go”. The destination of choice had been Mexico, until somewhat later, when people were being told that Canada was a better choice. In 1926, Canadian Pacific Railway’s medical inspector, Dr. Drury, made hurried visits to Slavgorod, Omsk, and Orenburg, in addition to visits to Ukraine. Unknown to the Mennonite communities at that time, Dr. Drury’s stamp on the medical certificate meant life.
Families interested in emigrating were to present themselves at the nearby village to have their photos taken. The Neumann children were sent to school instead, much to their disappointment, although it’s questionable if they appreciated the significance of this opportunity. Then, as David Neumann puts it in his memoirs, the first of three miracles happened. “Suddenly, brother Jake came to school in full gallop on the old brown mare, telling us kids to come home quickly to go and have our pictures taken. Dad had changed his mind and was now ready to seek an opportunity to emigrate.”
The second miracle referred to in his memoirs relates to the medical examination by Dr. Drury. The examinations took place at the nearby village of Alexandrovka; he examined prospective emigrants by village, and unknown to all applicants, once the quota of prospective emigrants was reached, he was to cut off all further examinations.
Heinrich Neumann had requested an exception for his family—that they be examined immediately – due to his responsibilities at home in his store. It was a government-owned cooperative store, and Heinrich did not have permission to close it. His request was granted. As it turned out, before the village of Rosenwald’s turn came, Dr. Drury had reached his quota, and consequently, apart from the Neumann family, no Rosenwald family was to join that group of fortunate emigrants. Very few Asiatic Mennonites managed to leave the Soviet Union after this opportunity, and in fact, Heinrich was the only one of 11 siblings who managed to leave at this time (one sister later managed to make her way to Paraguay).
The third miracle, at that same medical examination, occurred when little John, in his mother’s arms, kept grabbing for the doctor’s eye-glasses, thus distracting him from examining two-year old Maria very thoroughly. Had he done so, he would have discovered a very ill girl, and surely denied the Neumann family the opportunity to emigrate, at least at that time. Maria died before the Neumann family left for Canada.
It wasn’t until after harvesting that year that the passports arrived; they had been waiting since seeding time in the spring. In the meantime, Heinrich Neumann had sold his farm and his livestock to Dietrich Friesen (who eventually found his way to Greendale, British Columbia), resulting in a lot of second-guessing about whether he had made the right decision. The passports arrived on October 15th, after which, Heinrich joined a group of men who travelled to the station to build bunks inside of 16 train cars assigned to their group of 200 families totalling 450 emigrants.
Their departure from Rosenwald was met with a negative response from some. Henry’s friend told him that it was “… more luck than brains in you being able to go”. Even Heinrich’s own brother appeared to be jealous, if not resentful, according to David Neumann. It was a courageous thing to do, as it was for all emigrants, to leave family, friends, familiar surroundings and one’s country with a large family and with little or no money, for an unknown country where many adjustments would have to be made.
Three days after the arrival of the passports, on October 18th, the Neumann family departed for Slavgorod, the nearest railway centre. One horse and buggy were all they had left. Heinrich and Sarah rode in the buggy, while the children accompanied their few worldly possessions on a wagon provided by a neighbour. Four families were assigned to each railway freight car, which were smaller than the freight cars one is accustomed to seeing on our rails today. The party of 200 families left the Slavgorod station with Peter Epp as their leader. Today there is no trace of many of the villages originally established by Mennonites in the Barnaul Settlement.
At some point prior to reaching Moscow, Heinrich proceeded ahead of the party, by passenger train, to have one child’s name removed from the passport. Infant daughter Maria, had died in May 1925, after the application had been made. To proceed without doing so might have jeopardized their successful departure from Russia. The group was delayed for a short period of time in Moscow (length of time is uncertain), so Heinrich and the three oldest sons took advantage of the opportunity to visit the Moscow zoo. Jake Neumann describes it as “… the most elaborate collection of wild animals anywhere on display at that time”. David Neumann writes, “Imagine what it must have been like for us from Siberia to see lions, elephants, tigers, etc. All the wildlife I had ever seen were gophers, rabbits, and on one occasion, a wolf.”
Naturally, like any other boy his age, David was most disappointed to be left behind with the younger siblings. So, with two other boys suffering the same fate, the decision was made to run away. “Down the street we went for several blocks and hid behind some buildings. Just then, we heard the locomotive give a whistle, a warning that the train was to be moved…we came out of hiding and down that street so fast, all the courage of running away had vanished by one whistle of that train!”
Their journey, starting in Slavgorod, took them by train to Riga, Latvia, via Moscow; by CPR ship (the ‘Baltara’) to London, via the Kiel Canal; by CPR ship (the ‘Montclare’) from Southampton to Quebec, arriving on November 24, 1926. They were met by a MCC representative named Zacharias. He asked Heinrich where they were going, to which he replied, “Canada”. Where in Canada were they going, asked Zacharias. Heinrich had no idea. Next, he was asked whether he had any relatives in Canada, to which Sarah Neumann responded that she had an uncle. Zacharias, then wanted to know where this uncle lived, but Sarah didn’t know, so he asked her his name. Sarah replied, “Abram Schellenberg”, to which Zacharias replied, “Oh, I know where he lives”. He immediately sent a telegraph to the Schellenbergs, informing them that a family of 10 would be landing on their doorstep in three days. By arrangement with the CPR and the Canadian government, the relatives were obliged to accommodate this new immigrant family, the Neumanns. So off they went on the last leg of their month-long journey, by CPR train to Hague, Saskatchewan, where the Schellenberg family awaited their house guests.
Heinrich Neumann had $80.00 in his pocket and a travel debt of $1600.00 owing to the CPR at 6% interest. The oldest siblings worked nearby—Henry (16) on a farm and Sara, my mother (11), in a house where the mother of the family was ill. Heinrich and sons, Jake and Dietrich, made a few dollars cutting firewood. A very humble Canadian beginning indeed, for the Heinrich Dietrich Neumann family. Including spouses, the descendants of Heinrich and Sarah Neumann, number 443 today.
Adapted from “Canadians Through Miracles”
David F. Loewen